Robert Graves, the son of an episcopal clergyman was born in Dublin in 1797, the same year that Napoleon was leading his armies over the Alps to threaten the citizens of Vienna. He was a brilliant student and graduated with a first class medical degree in the fall of 1818 as Abraham Lincoln’s mother Nancy, lay dying of ‘milk fever’ in a small wooden hut in the untamed forestlands of Indiana. It appears that as well as being an excellent scholar, Graves was also a passionate adventurer and often told his medical friends that ‘there was always something waiting to be discovered if we only took the time to look for it’. It is therefore of no surprise that when Graves completed his medical studies he decided to further his knowledge of the Arts by travelling overland on the continent. Let us remember that this was the European mainland of the 1820’s and a lot of the continent was still considered alien to most people on these islands. The perception of the ancient palaces of Rome or maybe the evening mist settling on the sleepy canals of Venice were often images snatched from lines of poetry or from the canvases of travelling painters.

Many people of this period were highly suspicious of strangers who were often considered to be displaced soldiers wandering around after the recent battle of Waterloo. It was in a little lakeside Austrian village that Graves eventually aroused the distrust of the locals and he was arrested and held as a Prussian spy. It appears that the local authorities refused to believe that an Irishman could speak German so well and the unfortunate scholar had to stay in jail for ten days before he could get verification of his identity sent from Dublin. In 1821, Graves was travelling alone in Switzerland and found himself staying in the same hotel as the famous English painter, J.M.W. Turner. Both men struck up a friendship and they travelled and painted together for many months before finally parting company outside the Vatican in Rome. Many of Turner’s famous storm scenes come from that period of his life and often show dreary afternoon skies heavily streaked with dark cautioning thunderclouds. It is surmised by some that Robert Graves may have been the physical inspiration for one of Turners more imposing storm paintings, The Fishermen at Sea.

In this picture the inky blackness of the night is gathering fast and a sliver of a white moon shows a fishing vessel being tossed and thrown about at sea. It is known that Graves once was caught in a violent storm while on a sailing ship on the Mediterranean. The vessel was at the mercy of a raging tempest and suddenly began to take on water and sink. The bilge pumps were leaking and the crew found themselves unable to save the stricken craft. Amidst the frenzy of the thunderous storm the crew mutinied and abandoned ship by stealing the only lifeboat that was aboard the stricken vessel. Graves was incensed and refused to allow himself or his fellow passengers to be left to the peril of the seas. He ran forward and grabbed a nearby fire axe and holed the lifeboat as the mutinous sailors lowered it into the turbulent waters. He then gathered leather from the shoes of the passengers and proceeded to fix the bilge pumps. The ship was sailed into port the next morning and everybody on board was saved.

Graves returned to Dublin in 1821, in the year that Napoleon died on a small British outcrop of rock in the south Atlantic, and he became chief physician at the Meath Hospital. He continued his idea of believing that ‘everything was waiting to be discovered if you only look for it’ and before long he had described hyperthyroidism, scleroderma, pontine haemorrhages, angioneurotic oedema as well as pathological fractures and the paraneoplastic syndrome, erythromelalgia. He was also a great teacher and taught in English, which was unusual and most medical classes in the 1820’s still taught their pupils in a sort of Latin and his clinical notes were used by Trousseau (Trousseau’s sign) in Paris in 1825. When Trousseau wrote a clinical text some years later it was translated into English and used in Dublin. Graves became a good friend of William Stokes and also became passionate about the introduction of the stethoscope into clinical examination of the chest and abdomen.

They both shared ward rounds in the Meath Hospital and often spent long hours teaching medical students the signs of illness. In the midst of a busy round Graves once joked to his residents that Stoke’s’ epitaph should be ‘He fed fevers’. He died in 1853, as Guiseppe Verdi’s Il Traviata was having its premiere in La Scala in Milan. I often feel sad that people like Robert Graves are not alive today as they certainly would brighten the world of Irish medicine and enjoy the clinical benefits we now possess. Maybe somebody will remember one of our present consultants in a century and a half from now in the highly technologised society our own children will help to create.

There are many various forms of hernias that individuals will suffer from and each one is considered to be quite irritating and even severe now and again. There are distinct ways of repairing them and one unusual method was the usage of the kugel mesh patch. However, this was proven to be a problem that numerous physicians made and it was soon to have known side effects that would make the hernia worse rather then better.

When individuals began observing the side effects that were evidently being caused by the patch the Food and Drug Administration commenced to withdraw them to ensure that no more individuals suffered from it. The part of the patch that does not function is called the ‘memory recoil ring’. This has been known to break and when this takes place it will induce serious side effects.

Bowel Obstruction

This problem is a total or partial obstruction of the intestines. There are many things that are able to cause this include hernias, tumors, medications, gallstones, scar tissue, and also foreign objects within the body like the patch. This problem can cause the person profound stomach pain, bloating, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. If it is goes untreated it is able to cause bowel perforation, gangrene, and an infection.

Chronic Enteric Fistulas

This is a connection that is made between the two sections of the intestine. The most common symptom is intense abdominal pain - but there are a few who suffer more serious symptoms. It is manageable for the opening of the fistula to close while the others are opened up. When this happens it will make the contents of the bowel to accumulate to large amounts. This has the power to create an infection that can travel into the blood stream.

Bowel Perforation

When there is an opening in the intestinal wall everything that is being held inside will be pushed into the abdominal cavity. This condition is able to cause severe stomach pain, high fever, and vomiting. When it is not addressed it can induce sepsis and a blood infection that can be potentially lethal. Reports have shown that close to seven patients that have utilized the kugel mesh patch have hurt from this condition.

Step One:

The first step to understanding the benefits of the antiviral medications being prescribed to Swine Flu sufferers is to understand what antiviral medications are. These are typically issued in the form of an inhaler or a pill. However, some are issued as a liquid. These medications have been found to be effective in both the prevention as well as the treatment of various types of influenzas caused by viruses.

Step Two:

You should understand that there are currently four different medications offered in the United States that are antiviral based. These four include the following:

Rimantadine

Oseltamivir

Amantadine

Zanamivir

Unfortunately, if you become the next documented Swine Flu, or 2009 H1N1 victim, only two of these types will be beneficial in combating the symptoms and progression of the illness. These two are Zanamivir and Oseltamivir. The strain that is now affecting individuals in various parts of the world is resistant to the other two antiviral medications.

Step Three:

If you have had close contact to an individual who has contracted the most recent Swine Flu, you can benefit from taking the two appropriate forms of antiviral medications. They have been found to successfully prevent the onset of the condition among those who have been tested. The percentage rates of success start as low as 70% and goes as high as 90%. In a situation where a potential pandemic is at hand, these are considered to be extremely high statistics! The brand names associated with the two successful antiviral prescriptions are Tamiflu? and Relenza .

Step Four:

If you are officially diagnosed with the Swine Flu, antiviral medications have many benefits. The main advantage is that they can actually treat the symptoms that you are experiencing so that you are able to rest more comfortably while sick. Seeing that the symptoms of Swine Flu can include a large amount of discomfort, patients appreciate the fact that the medications subdue the symptoms.

Step Five:

There are many complications that can arise as a result of flu, especially for patients who experience the Swine 2009 H1N1 strain. By taking antiviral medications as directed by a medical professional, you can successfully avoid these health problems. As scientists and those who work in the medical field work to learn more about this condition, it is likely that more treatments and possibly even vaccinations may be approved. Until then, it is important to optimize the prescription antivirals that are available today.